Welcoming a baby is an exciting and life-changing event filled with a whirlwind of emotions. And your personal experience is unique, just like you! After delivery, new mothers can experience a range of health issues known as postpartum complications. These can range from mild discomforts to severe, life-threatening conditions. Please pay attention to your body and how you are feeling.
The first few weeks after childbirth are just as significant for your health as your baby's! While most people experience a smooth transition, being aware of potential issues is essential. Being informed about possible postpartum complications doesn't mean you should expect problems. Instead, it helps you recognize warning signs early and seek help when needed. Most postpartum complications are preventable or highly treatable when caught early. This guide gives you important information on staying safe and healthy and caring for yourself while your body is healing.
Understanding the Postpartum Period
Understanding the Postpartum Period
The postpartum period, often called the "fourth trimester," begins immediately after childbirth and lasts about six weeks. During this time, your body experiences significant changes as it recovers from pregnancy and birth.
Physically, you can expect:
Physically, you can expect:
- uterine contractions as your uterus returns to its pre-pregnancy size
- vaginal bleeding (lochia) that gradually decreases
- tenderness in the perineal area or near any incisions or repairs
- breast changes, including engorgement as your milk comes in
- general discomfort
Emotionally, it's normal to experience:
Emotionally, it's normal to experience:
- mood swings, often called the "baby blues"
- feelings of being overwhelmed or anxious
- tiredness or exhaustion from lack of sleep
- adjustments to new routines and responsibilities
These changes are normal parts of the postpartum experience. However, it's important to be aware of signs that might indicate a more serious issue.
Common Postpartum Complications
Common Postpartum Complications
Complications typically happen within the first six weeks after childbirth but can extend up to a year postpartum. They can range in severity from mild to life-threatening. Some potential causes are:
- physical changes the body goes through
- underlying health conditions
- the birthing process itself
Two important things to remember are:
- what signs to look out for and
- when to seek help.
Print or screen capture this Postpartum Warning Signs poster. Keep it close for easy reference. If you notice any symptoms, act fast and contact your provider. Always trust your instincts if something doesn't feel right!
If you want to learn more about specific complications, keep reading. We'll explain 7 complications you should know about.
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is excessive bleeding after childbirth. It affects about 1-5% of women and is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality worldwide. It can occur within 24 hours of delivery (primary postpartum hemorrhage) or up to 12 weeks after delivery (secondary postpartum hemorrhage). Causes include uterine atony (when the uterus doesn't contract enough after childbirth), retained placenta, and severe tears.
Risk factors include:
Risk factors include:
- prolonged labor
- multiple pregnancies
- large baby
- previous PPH
Signs and symptoms:
- soaking more than one sanitary pad per hour
- large blood clots (the size of an egg or larger)
- drop in blood pressure, causing dizziness or fainting
- rapid heartbeat
If you have heavy bleeding, especially accompanied by dizziness or a rapid heartbeat, seek immediate medical attention. Postpartum hemorrhage can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.
Infections and Sepsis
Infections and Sepsis
After giving birth, infections can happen in different places like the uterus, cesarean incision, or episiotomy site. Mastitis, a breast tissue infection, is also common, especially in those breastfeeding. Around 5-7% of women get postpartum infections within six weeks of delivery. Infections can be mild or severe, requiring prompt treatment and antibiotics.
Potential signs of infection to watch for include:
Potential signs of infection to watch for include:
- fever over 100.4°F (38°C)
- severe abdominal pain
- foul-smelling vaginal discharge
- redness, swelling, or discharge from incision sites
- breast pain, redness, or flu-like symptoms (mastitis)
To prevent infections:
To prevent infections:
- practice good hygiene, especially hand washing
- keep incision sites clean and dry
- empty your bladder and change sanitary pads regularly
- wear breathable, cotton underwear
- complete full courses of prescribed antibiotics
- attend all postpartum check-ups
What is Sepsis?
What is Sepsis?
Any infection can turn into sepsis. Postpartum sepsis is a severe infection that spreads throughout the body, causing widespread inflammation and potentially organ failure. It often starts from an infection in the uterus, urinary tract, or a wound site. Sepsis affects around 2–10 per 10,000 deliveries. It's also one of the top 5 causes of maternal death worldwide, accounting for about 10-15% of deaths during the postpartum period.
Postpartum sepsis is a medical emergency that can quickly turn into septic shock if not treated right away. If you suspect an infection, contact your healthcare provider promptly. Most postpartum infections respond well to antibiotics when caught early.
Sepsis warning signs to watch for:
Sepsis warning signs to watch for:
- fever over 100.4°F (38°C)
- chills and sweats
- rapid heart rate
- rapid breathing
- extreme pain or discomfort
- confusion or disorientation
- clammy or sweaty skin
Postpartum Preeclampsia
Postpartum Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia usually happens during pregnancy, affecting about 5–8% of pregnancies. Postpartum preeclampsia, which develops after delivery, is less common but still important. The condition usually occurs within 48 hours of delivery but can happen up to six weeks after. It is characterized by high blood pressure and excess protein in the urine after childbirth.
Symptoms include:
Symptoms include:
- severe headaches
- changes in vision, like blurriness or seeing spots
- upper abdominal pain
- swelling in the face or hands
- high blood pressure
Risk factors include having preeclampsia during pregnancy, but it can also occur in women with no prior history. Contact your healthcare provider immediately if you experience any symptoms, especially a severe headache or vision changes. Postpartum preeclampsia can lead to seizures or other serious problems if left untreated.
Blood Clots
Blood Clots
Pregnancy and the postpartum period increase the risk of blood clots, particularly in the lower leg (deep vein thrombosis or DVT). However, it can also occur in the thigh, pelvis, or arms. DVT affects about 1 in 1,000 pregnant women.
Risk factors include:
Risk factors include:
- cesarean delivery
- obesity
- prolonged bed rest
- personal or family history of blood clots
Symptoms to watch for:
Symptoms to watch for:
- swelling in one leg or arm
- pain or tenderness in the affected area
- skin that is warm to the touch, hard, red, or discolored
- chest pain and difficulty breathing if the clot travels to the lungs (pulmonary embolism)
To reduce your risk:
To reduce your risk:
- move around frequently, even if you're on bed rest
- stay hydrated
- wear compression stockings if recommended by your doctor
- avoid crossing your legs, sitting, or lying down for long periods (except while sleeping).
If you suspect a blood clot, seek medical attention immediately. DVT can lead to a pulmonary embolism, a potentially life-threatening condition if a clot travels to the lungs.
Mental Health Issues
Mental Health Issues
Postpartum mental health concerns are common and can range from mild "baby blues" to more severe conditions like postpartum depression (PPD) or Anxiety. Baby blues is characterized by mood swings, tearfulness, and feeling overwhelmed. It affects up to 80% of new mothers and typically resolves within two weeks.
Postpartum depression affects about 1 in 7 new mothers and can occur anytime in the first year after childbirth. Depression can affect partners, too!
Symptoms include:
Symptoms include:
- persistent sadness or emptiness
- loss of interest in activities you used to enjoy
- difficulty bonding with your baby
- changes in sleep or appetite
- thoughts of harming yourself or your baby
Any symptoms beyond the blues are a reason to talk to your provider about how you feel! To learn more about caring for your mental health and what symptoms to be on the lookout for, visit our blog post: From Surviving to Thriving: Nurturing Mental Health After Giving Birth.
Breast-related Complications
Breast-related Complications
Breastfeeding parents may experience several breast-related issues:
- Engorgement: When milk comes in, your breasts may become overly full, hard, and painful. Nursing or pumping frequently to meet the baby's nutritional needs (without over-pumping) can help your body regulate milk supply and keep you more comfortable until engorgement subsides.
- Blocked ducts: These can cause a painful lump in the breast. To prevent overstimulation of the affected breast, offer the breast without the plug first. Avoid deep massage. After expressing, lightly sweep the breast tissue (like petting a cat) from the nipple toward the armpit and collarbone. Apply cold compresses after feeding to relieve pain and swelling.
- Mastitis: This painful breast infection causes flu-like symptoms and a red, tender area on the breast. It requires prompt treatment with antibiotics.
To prevent breast complications:
To prevent breast complications:
- Ensure proper latch and positioning during breastfeeding.
- Nurse or pump regularly to meet your baby's nutritional needs. However, wait until your milk supply is well-established before pumping and storing extra milk for future use.
- Wear a supportive, well-fitting bra.
Pelvic Floor Disorders
Pelvic Floor Disorders
Childbirth can weaken the pelvic floor muscles, leading to issues like urinary incontinence or pelvic organ prolapse. While some degree of incontinence is common immediately after delivery, persistent problems need to be addressed.
Symptoms of pelvic floor disorders include:
Symptoms of pelvic floor disorders include:
- leaking urine when coughing, sneezing, or exercising
- difficulty controlling bowel movements
- a feeling of heaviness or pressure in the vagina
Pelvic floor exercises (Kegels) can help strengthen these muscles. If you're experiencing persistent symptoms, talk to your healthcare provider about pelvic floor physical therapy or other treatment options.
When to Seek Medical Help
When to Seek Medical Help
Some discomfort is expected during postpartum recovery. However, certain symptoms warrant immediate medical attention. Remember to attend all scheduled postpartum check-ups, even if you feel well. These visits are essential for monitoring your recovery and addressing any concerns. And, as always, trust your instincts—you know your body best! Please get in touch with your provider if you're unsure about any symptoms you're experiencing.
Caring for yourself is essential to caring for your baby!
Resources for New Parents
Resources for New Parents
- Your healthcare provider is there to help and guide you. Please don't hesitate to contact them with questions about your health. They can direct you to resources available in your community.
- Postpartum Support International (www.postpartum.net)
- La Leche League for breastfeeding support (www.llli.org)
- Join a local new parent support group. These can often be found by contacting your local hospital or community center.
- Connect with an online support community: search your preferred social media channel and join a few support groups that match your interest.
- Trusted online resources like the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (www.acog.org) or the American Academy of Pediatrics (healthychildren.org).
Identify Postpartum Complications Early with Our SOS Flyer
Identify Postpartum Complications Early with Our SOS Flyer
Our easy-to-read Postpartum SOS: Spot the Signs and Seek Help flyer helps you recognize potential complications early on. Whether you're a healthcare professional sharing this vital resource or a new parent taking charge of your health, this flyer is an essential, life-saving tool. Access with a code or find it on our Etsy shop.
Final Thoughts
Final Thoughts
Most women have uncomplicated recoveries—however, being aware of potential complications is important! You matter, and so does your health! Learning what's normal and what's not, allows you to recognize warning signs and seek help quickly, ensuring the best possible start for you and your baby.
Don't hesitate to contact your healthcare provider with any concerns, no matter how small they may seem. Taking care of yourself is vital to caring for your new baby. We send our warmest wishes for a healthy postpartum recovery!
#PostpartumComplications #PostpartumRecovery #FourthTrimester #MomLife #PelvicFloorHealth #PostpartumHemorrhage #KnowThePostpartumWarningSigns #RecoveryAfterDelivery #LifeEventsInc
Sources
Sources
Baby News: Caring for Yourself and Your Newborn. Life Events, Inc., Bradenton, FL, 2024.
Boushra, Marina, and Omar Rahman. “Postpartum Infection.” In StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2024. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560804/.
“Preeclampsia - FAQs.” Preeclampsia Foundation - Saving mothers and babies from preeclampsia. Accessed September 20, 2024. https://www.preeclampsia.org/faqs.
Preparing for Labor and Childbirth. Life Events, Inc., Bradenton, FL, 2024.
Yokoe, Deborah S., Cindy L. Christiansen, Ruth Johnson, Kenneth Sands, James Livingston, Ernest S. Shtatland, and Richard Platt. “Epidemiology of and Surveillance for Postpartum Infections.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 7, no. 5 (October 2001): 837–41. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0705.010511.
